Pharmacology Weekly's - HIV Medication Chart & Drug Reference Tool

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HIV Medication Table ©2010 Pharmacology Weekly Inc.
Name	Dosage Forms	Approved Dosing	Metabolism & Elimination	Mutations Causing Resistance	Side Effects, Clinical Pearls & Etc
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI): Prevents HIV viral genome incorporation into host DNA.
abacavir (ABC, Ziagen)	300 mg scored tab; 20 mg/ml soln	*HLA-B5701 testing recommened before use. Adults: 300 mg bid or 600 mg qd Peds**: 8 mg/kg bid No food restrictions	Alcohol dehydrogenase	K65R, L74V, K70R, Y115F, M184V/I, L210W, T215Y	Patients with HLA-B5701 allele are at high risk for hypersensitivity reactions: will have 2 symptoms (fever, rash, SOB, fatigue, GI-upset). Stop immediately and never use again. No renal dosing required like other NRTIs. Avoid with alcohol due to shared metabolism. Preg Cat: C How does HLA-B5701 impact abacavir safety? PW Pharmacogenetics Newsl 2009;1(7):1-5.
didanosine (ddI, Videx)	25, 50, 100, 150 , 200 mg (buffered tabs); 10 mg/ml susp	Adults (If CrCl ≥60 ml/min) ≤60 kg: 125 mg bid >60 kg: 200 mg bid Empty stomach	Renal	K65R, L74V, M184V	Diarrhea, pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, anxiety, rash, lactic acidosis. Buffered tabs contain antacids - caution with tetracycline & fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Reduce dose with tenofivir (TNF). ↓Dose if CrCl <60 ml/min. Preg Cat: B
didanosine (ddI, Videx EC)	125, 200, 250, 400 mg enteric coated caps	Adults (If CrCl ≥60 ml/min) No TNF: ≤60 kg: 250 mg qd; >60 kg: 400 mg qd; If on TNF: ≤60 kg: 200 mg qd; >60 kg: 250 mg qd. Empty stomach	Renal	K65R, L74V, M184V	Same as non-enteric coated or buffered didanosine, except it does not contain antacid (less drug interactions). Reduce dose with tenofovir (TNF). ↓ Dose if CrCl <60 ml/min. Preg Cat: B
emtricitabine (FTC, Emtriva)	200 mg cap 10 mg/ml soln	(if CrCl ≥50 ml/min) Adults: 200 mg qd Peds: 6 mg/kg/d No food restrictions	Renal	M184V/I	Risk for lactic acidosis, hepatomegaly with steatosis. ↓ Dose if CrCl <50 ml/min. Related to lamivudine (3TC) - do not combine. Preg Cat: B
lamivudine (3TC, Epivir)	150, 300 mg tab 10 mg/ml soln	(If CrCl ≥50 ml/min) Adults: 150 mg bid or 300 mg qd; Peds >3 months: see PI. No food restrictions	Renal; Sub & Inhib: OCT1,2	M184V/I	HA, N/V/D, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis. Can be used to treat hepatitis B infections. ↓ Dose if CrCl < 50 ml/min. Preg Cat: C
stavudine (d4T, Zerit)	15, 20, 30, 40 mg cap 1 mg/ml powder	(if CrCl ≥50 ml/min) Adults: ≤60 kg: 30 mg bid; >60 kg: 40 mg bid; Peds (<30 kg): 0.5-1 mg/kg bid. No food restrictions	Renal	M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, K219E	A thymidine analogue. Peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, worsen lipids, HA, lactic acidosis, mild ↑ LFTs. Solution: shake & refrigerate. Avoid with AZT. ↓ Dose if CrCl <50 ml/min. Preg Cat: C
Tenofovir (TNF; Viread)	300 mg tab	(If CrCl ≥50 ml/min) Adults: 300 mg once daily with food. No peds indication.	Renal	M41L, K65R, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F	A prodrug. Also sometimes used for hepatitis B infections; renal toxicity/failure, potential ↓ BMD (↑ risk for osteoporosis), fanconi's syndrome. Didanosine (ddI) can ↑AUC 28-44% so separate drugs. TNF will ↓ ATV levels so give ATV with RTV. Renal dose adjust for CrCl < 50 ml/min. Preg Cat: B
zalcitabine (ddC, Hivid)	0.375, 0.75 mg tab	(If CrCl >40 ml/min) Adults only: 0.75 mg tid. No food restrictions	Renal	K65R, T69D, L74V, 184V	Peripheral neuropathy, rash, stomatitis/oral ulcers, cases of pancreatitis. ↓ Dose if CrCl ≤40 ml/min. Preg Cat: C; No longer approved or on the market in the U.S. Availability worldwide is not known.
zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)	100, 300 mg tab; 50 mg/ml syrup; IV (10 mg/1 ml)	Adults: 300 mg bid or 200 mg cap tid; Peds: 160 mg/m2. No food restrictions	Sub: UGT	M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, K219Q	N/V, HA, malaise, neutropenia, macrocytic anemia (↑MCV), lactic acidosis (especially in obese patients). Thymidine analogue. Cangive low dose EPO/GCSF for anemia. ↓ Dose if CrCl < 15 ml/min. Preg Cat: C
Combination Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI)
abacavir + lamivudine (Epzicom)	600/300 mg	*HLA-B5701 testing recommended due to ABC: Adults only**: 1 tab once daily. No food restrictions	See above for individual agents	See above for individual gents	See above. Note: Patients with HLA-B5701 allele are at high risk for hypersensitivity reaction with abacavir (ABC). How does HLA-B5701 impact abacavir safety? PW Pharmacogenetics Newsl 2009;1(7):1-5.**
abacavir + lamivudine + zidovudine (Trizivir)	300/150/300 mg tab	*HLA-B5701 testing recommended due to ABC: Adults only:** 1 tab once daily. No food restrictions	See above for individual agents	See above for individual agents	See above. Note: Patients with HLA-B*5701 allele are at high risk for hypersensitivity reaction with abacavir (ABC). Used without other HIV medications only if PI, NNRTI, or Integrase inhibitor-based regimens cannot be used.
efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir (Atripla)	600/200/300 mg tab	Adults only: 1 tab once daily on empty stomach (avoid high fat meal). No pediatric indication.	Sub: 2B6, 3A4 Inducer: 3A4 Inhib: 2C9/19, 3A4	See above for individual agents	How can Atripla cause a false + for marijuana & which tox screens should be used? PW Pharmacotherapy Newsl 2009:1(38):1-4. Why is it safer to give atorvastatin, lovastatin & simvastatin with efavirenz vs. protease inhibitor based HAART? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3.
lamivudine + zidovudine (Combivir)	150/300 mg tab	Adults: 1 tab bid No food restrictions	Sub: UGT (the AZT)	See above for individual agents	See individual agents.
tenofovir + emtricitabine (Truvada)	300/200 mg tab	Adults: 1 tab once daily with food. No pediatric indications.	Renal	See above for individual agents	See individual agents.

Name	Dosage Form	Approved Dosing	Metabolism & Elimination	Mutations Causing Resistance	Side Effects, Clinical Pearls & Etc
*NonNucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI):* Prevents viral genome incorporation into host DNA.
delavirdine (DLV; Rescriptor)	100, 200 mg tab	Adults only: 400 mg tid 1 hour apart from antacids	Sub: 2D6, 3A4 Inhib: 2C9/19, 2D6, 3A4	Mutations in reverse transcriptase at 103, 181, 236	Rash, HA, diarrhea. Antacids will ↓AUC. Not used much in the U.S. due to drug interactions and lower efficacy compared to other NNRTIs. Preg Cat: C Why is delavirdine classified as moderate inhibitor of 3A4? (see table) PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.
efavirenz (EFV; Sustiva)	50, 20 mg cap 600 mg tab	Adults: 600 mg qhs on empty stomach (avoid high fat meal). Peds: 200-600 mg based on weight.	Sub: 2B6, 3A4 Inducer: 3A4 Inhib: 2C9/19, 3A4	Mutations in reverse transcriptase at 98,100,103,106,108, 179,181,188,190, 225,227	Rash, dizziness, insomnia, bad dreams, psychosis; Preg Cat D. Net effect on CYP3A4 is induction, thus ↓ AUCs of many 3A4 substrates. High fat meals can ↑AUC by 50% and ↑ risk for psychosis (usually goes away with time). False + for marijuana on urine tox screen. Why is it safer to give atorvastatin, lovastatin & simvastatin with efavirenz vs a protease inhibitor? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3. How does EFV cause a false + for marijuana on tox screen and which assaya do not cause this? PW Pharmacotherapy Newsl 2009;1(38):1-4.
etravirine (ETV; TMC-125; Intelence)	100 mg tab	Adults only: 200 mg bid with food.	Sub: 2C9/19, 3A4 Inhib: 2C9/19 Inducer: 3A4	L100I, E138G, V179D/F/I, Y181C/I/V, H221Y	Severe skin rash, nausea (10%). Only FDA approved for treatment experienced adults with NNRTI resistance. Check INR with warfarin. Avoid use with ATV/RTV, TPV/RTV, FPV/RTV any unboosted PI or any other NNRTI. Preg Cat: B
nevirapine (NVP; Viramune)	200 mg tab 50 mg/5 mL susp	Adults: 200 mg qd x 14d, then 200 mg bid. Peds: 150 mg/m2 x 14d, 150 mg/m2 bid. No food restrictions.	Sub & Autoinducer: 2B6, 3A4	K103N, V106A, V108I, Y181C, Y188C, G190A	Rash (cases of SJS & TEN reported), hepatotoxicity, nausea, fever, HA. If hepatotoxicity occurs it will occur in 1st 4 weeks (esp if CD4 > 250 in females & > 400 in males). Do not use in hepatic impairment. Preg Cat: B

Name	Dosage Form	Approved Dosing	Metabolism & Elimination	Mutations Causing Resistance	Side Effects, Clinical Pearls & Etc
*Protease Inhibitors (PI)*: Inhibits viral maturation through inhibition of HIV protease in new progeny virons.
atazanavir (ATV; Reyataz)	100, 150, 200, 300 mg caps	Adults: Treatment (Rx) Naive: 400 mg qd; IF Rx Naive + ESRD + on hemodialysis (HD):If Rx Experienced or on TNF, PPI, or H2RA: 300 mg/RTV 100 mg qd. 300 mg/100 mg RTV qd. If Rx Experienced + ESRD Not on HD: 300 mg/100 mg RTV qd. Peds > 6 yrs of age: see PI. Take with food.	Inhib: 2C8, 3A4, UGT1A1, BCRP	M46I, I50L, I84V, A71V	Jaundice, asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia, PR interval prolongation (bradycardia); causes less lipid problems. Avoid in treatment experienced patients with ESRD on H. Caution use with PPI or H2RA - see PI for specific dosing recommendations. Preg Cat: B How can atazanavir (ATV) ↑rosuvastatin (Crestor) levels 3-fold if ATV does not inhibit 2C9 mediated metabolism of rosuvastatin? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(15):1-5. How can St. John's wort cause loss of viral control in patients taking PIs & what is the mechanism? PW Nat Med Newsl 2009;1(4):1-4. Why are lovastatin & simvastatin contraindicated in HIV patients on protease inhibitors (PI)? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(37):1-4. How are PIs classified as weak, moderate or strong inhibitors of 3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4. What is UGT1A1, where is it located and how does it play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(36):1-4. What is BCRP, where is it located and how does it play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(20):1-5.
darunavir (DRV; TMC-114; Prezista	75, 150, 300, 400, 600 mg tab	Adults: Treatment Naive: 800 mg + 100 mg RTV; Treatment Experienced: 600 mg + 100 mg RTV bid. Peds ≥ 6 yrs of age: see PI. Take with food.	Sub: 3A4 Inhib: 2D6, 3A4 (also from RTV)	S37D, R41E/T, K55Q, H69Q, K70E, T74S, V77I, I85V	Skin rash including SJS (7%), drug induced hepatitis (monitor AST/ALT), ↑ glucose, N/V/D, possible hemophilia with ↑ bleeding. Avoid in severe liver disease & sulfa allergic patients (DRV contains a sulfonamide moiety). Caution with St John's Wort, lovastatin, simvastatin, rifampin, triazolam & other 3A4 sub. Preg Cat: C Why are lovastatin & simvastatin contraindicated in HIV patients on protease inhibitors (PI)? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(37):1-4. Why is darunavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.
fosamprenavir (FPV; Lexiva; Telzir-Canada	700 mg tab Telzir: 50 mg/ml susp	Adults: Treatment Naive: 1400 mg bid or 1400 mg qd + 200 mg RTV or 700/100 mg bid; Treatment Experienced: 700/100 mg bid; If with EFV: 1400 mg + 300 mg RTV qd. No food restrictions. Peds: see labeling; based on weight	Sub: 3A4 Inhib: 2D6, 3A4 (also from RTV)	V32I, M46I/L, I47V, I50V, I54L/M, I84V, p7/p1, p1/p6 Gag	Prodrug of amprenavir. N/V, rash (19%) including SJS, hyperlipidemia (↑CVD), bleeding (hemophilia) that requires factor VIII. Caution in sulfa allergic patients. Dosing depends on treatment experience and other medications. Preg Cat: C Why is fosamprenvair classified as a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.
indinavir (IDV; Crixivan)	100, 200, 400 mg cap	Adults only: 800 mg tid or 800 mg + 100-200 mg RTV) bid on empty stomach (drink 1.5 L water per day)	Sub: 3A4, Pgp, MRP1/2 Inhib: 2D6, 3A4, UGT1A1	10, 20, L24I, M46I/L, I54A/V, L63P, I64V, A71T/V, V82A, I84V, L90M	N/V, nephrolithiasis (why ↑ fluid needed), ↑ t.bili, ↑ glucose & TG, alopecia. Avoid antacids by 1 hr. Counsel to drink 48 oz/day. ↓ Dose with itraconazole & ketoconazole. Preg Cat: C Why should St. John's wort not be used with PIs & what is the mechanism for the interaction? PW Nat Med Newsl 2009;1(4):1-4. Why are lovastatin & simvastatin contraindicated in HIV patients on protease inhibitors (PI)? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(37):1-4. Why is indinavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4. What is UGT1A1, where is it located & how does is play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(36):1-4. What are MRP1/2 & Pgp, where are they located & how do they play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(20):1-5.
lopinavir/RTV (LPV/RTV; Kaletra)	125/25, 200/50 mg tab 400 mg + 100 mg RTV/5 ml soln	Treatment Naive: 400/100 mg bid or 800/200 mg qd. Treatment Experienced: 400/100 mg bid no qd dosing. Take with food.	Sub: 3A4 Inhib: 2D6, 3A4 (from the RTV)	PI mutations at positions: 10,20,24, 33, 36, 47, 48, 54, 82	Nausea, HA, hyperlipidemia. Use caution in hepatitis C co-infections or in patients with liver disease. LPV/RTV can ↑ TNF levels. Solution contains 42% alchol (v/v). Avoid with voriconazole & oral contraceptives. No refrigeration needed. Preg Cat: C Why are lovastatin & simvastatin contraindicated in HIV patients on protease inhibitors (PI)? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(4):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(37):1-4. Why is lopinavir/ritonavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.
nelfinavir (NFV; Viracept)	250, 625 mg tab 50 mg/g powder	Adults: 750 mg tid or 1250 mg bid with meal or light snack.	Sub: 1A2, 2C9/19, 2D6, 2E1, Pgp Inhib: 3A4	PI mutations at positions:30,36,46,54, 71,73,77,82,84,88,90	N/V/D, hyperlipidemia, ↑ glucose, ↑ AST/ALT, Mix powder with milk, water, pudding, but not acidic foods due to taste. Tabs can be crushed. Contraindications with amiodarone, quinidine, midazolam, triazolam, & other 3A4 sub. Preg Cat: B Why is nelfinavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.
ritonavir (RTV; Norvir)	100 mg cap 80 mg/ml soln	Adults treatment doses: 600 mg bid with food; PI Boosting: 100-200 mg qd to bid.	Sub: 1A2,2D6, 3A4,PgP,MRP2 Inhib: 2D6,3A4, Pgp	PI mutations at positions: 10,20,32, 33,36,46,50,53, 54,71,77,82,84,90	N/V/D, asthenia, perioral dysesthia, lipodystrophy, ↑ glucose, ↑ TG. Only used now for PI boosting. Store caps in refrig - stable for 30 d at room temp. Caps & solution contain ethanol. Major drug interactions with substrates of 3A4. Preg Cat: B Why is ritonavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4. What are MRP1/2 & Pgp, where are they located & how do they play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(20):1-5.
saquinavir (SQV; Fortovase; Invirase)	200 mg SGC (Invirase) 200 mg HGC & 500 mg film coated tab	Adults only: (SGC): 1200 mg tid; (HGC) 1000 mg + 100 mg RTV bid with fat containing food.	Sub: 3A4,Pgp, MRP2 Inhib: 3A4	L10I/R/V, G48V, I54V/L A71V/T, 73S, V82A, I84V, L90M	N/V/D, GI bloating, indigestion, hyperlipidemia, F = 12% so take with fatty food to ↑ AUC. Garlic may ↓ AUC. SGCs are stable at room temp or in refrig. give with RTV 100 mg bid. * Avoid rifampin due to liver toxicity. Preg Cat B. Why is saquinavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4. What are MRP1/2 & Pgp, where are they located & how do they play a role in drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(20):1-5.
Tipranavir (TPV; Aptivus)	250 mg caps 100 mg/ml soln (116 IU of vitamin E per ml)	Adults: Unboosted & use in naive pateints NOT recommended. 500 mg + RTV 200 mg bid. Peds > 2yrs of age: see PI. No food restrictions.	Inducer: 3A4 (as monotherapy) Inhib:2D6, 3A4 (if with RTV)	L10F, L33F, I84V, K45I, I13V, V32I, I54V/T, A71V, V82L	↑ Liver enzymes (10%), hyperlipidemia, ↑ glucose, bleeding potential. Do not use in Child-Pugh B/C liver disease. Separate from di- & trivalent cations. Use caution in patients with ↑ bleeding risk or need surgery or use anticoagulants. At standard doses patients could get 1160 IU of vitamin E with use of solution. Preg Cat: C Why is tipranavir classified as a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3. PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(43):1-4.

Name	Dosage Forms	Approved Dosing	Metabolism & Elimination	Mutations Causing Resistance	Side Effects, Clinical Pearls, & Etc
*Fusion Inhibitors*: Binds viral gp41 subunit & inhibits conformational change required for fusion with CD4 T-cells.
enfuvirtide (T20; Fuzeon)	Injection: 90 mg/ml when reconstituted	Adults: 90 mg SC bid Peds ≥ 6yrs: see PI	Not known	Changes in gp41 HR1 domain positions 36 to 45	Injectionsite reactions, respiratory infections. Reconstitute with 1.1 ml SWFI, tap on vial for 10 sec. May require 45 min for complete dissolution, use within 24 hrs. Keep unused product in refrigerate until needed. Preg Cat B.
*Entry Inhibitors*: Selective, reversible antagonist to interaction between CCR5 and HIV gp120 needed for viral entry into cells.
maraviroc (MCV; Selzentry)	150, 300 mg tab	Adults only: 150 mg bid if with 3A4 inhib or 300 mg bid (if on NRTI, TPV/RTV or no potent 3A4 inhib or inducer); If on 3A4 inducers: 600 mg bid. No food restrictions.	Sub 3A4, Pgp	Complex & ill-defined; use Trofile assay for testing	Hepatotoxicity, rash, eosinophilia or ↑ IgE, postural hypotension & ↑ risk for CV events. No official CI listed. Caution with CrCl <50. Safety/efficacy not known in peds or treatment naive patients. Do not sue in patients with dual/mixed CXCR4-trophic HIV-1 at this time. Use caution in heaptitis B or C co-infected patients as well as patients with CVD. Preg Cat B.
Integrase Inhibitors: Prevents the covalent insertion of unintegrated linear HIV DNA into the host cell genome preventing formation of HIV provirus'.
raltegravir (RAL; Isentress)	400 mg tab	Adults only: 400 mg bid. No food restrictions.	Sub: UGT1A1,1A3, & 1A9	Y143C/H/R, Q148H/K/R N155H	GI upset, HA, fatigue, itching, diarrhea, sweating. Caution with inhibitors of UGT1A1 (such as atazanavir, indinavir, gemfibrozil). No effect on CYP450. Preg Cat C.

AUC = area under the curve, BCRP = breast cancer resistance protein, BID = twice a day, Cap = capsule, CrCl = creatinine clearance, CV = cardiovascular, GI = gastrointestinal, HA = headache, HGC = hard gel capsule, HLA = human leukocyte antigen, N/V = nausea/vomiting, OCT = organic cation transporter, Pgp = P-glycoprotein, Preg Cat = pregnancy category, SC = subcutaneous, SGC = soft gel capsule, SJS = stevens johnsons syndrome, Soln = solution, SWFI = sterile water for injection, Tab = tablet, TID = three times a day, TG = triglycerides, UGT = UDP-glucuronosyltransferases,

Version: 1.2010

Citation or Reference: Pharmacology Weekly. HIV Medication Chart: v1.2010.

Created and Reviewed by:
Medical Director: Gregory C. McKeever, MD
Editor-in-Chief: Anthony J. Busti, PharmD, FNLA, FAHA
Infectious Diseases Specialists:
    David M. Margolis, MD, FACP; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, NC
    Roger Bedimo, MD, MS, FACP; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Dallas VA Medical Center; Dallas, TX
    Ronald G. Hall II, PharmD, MSCS, BCPS; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy; Dallas, TX

Related Pharmacology Weekly Publications:

1.	How does a patient's genetics predispose them to abacavir (Ziagen) induced hypersensitivity reaction that prevents future use of the drug for the treatment of HIV infection? PW Pharmacogenet Newsl 2009;1(3):1-5.
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3.	How does St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) decrease drug concentrations of antiretroviral medications thereby causing a loss of viral control in HIV patients? PW Nat Med Newsl 2009;1(4):1-4.
4.	What are the common influx transporters involved in drug transport and drug-drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(19):1-5.
5.	What are the common efflux transporters involved in drug transport and drug-drug interactions? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(20):1-5.
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7.	Why is lovastatin (Mevacor) absolutely contraindicated inhuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients taking protease inhibitors (PI) based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(37):1-4.
8.	What is the process to determine if medications are to be classified as weak, moderate or strong inhibitors of CYP3A4? PW Drug Interact Newsl 2009;1(39):1-3.
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